Isabella Stewart Gardner

An Unconventional Life

Mrs. Jack Gardner is one of the seven wonders of Boston. There is nobody like her in any city in this country. She is a millionaire Bohemienne. She is the leader of the smart set, but she often leads where none dare follow… She imitates nobody; everything she does is novel and original.

— a Boston reporter

EARLY LIFE

Isabella Stewart Gardner was born in New York City on April 14, 1840 into a well-to-do family. Her father, David Stewart, made his fortune importing Irish linen and later through investments. The family lived on University Place in the West Village. Isabella was privately educated in New York and “finished” abroad. A Paris schoolmate, Julia Gardner, introduced Isabella to her brother, John “Jack” Lowell Gardner Jr.

Isabella Stewart Gardner, about 1850
Isabella Stewart Gardner, about 1850

MARRIAGE

In 1860, a few days before her 20th birthday, Isabella Stewart married Jack Gardner in Grace Church in New York City. They moved to his hometown of Boston and settled into a house in the fashionable Back Bay at 152 Beacon Street, a wedding gift from her father.

Left: Isabella Stewart Gardner; Right: John Lowell Gardner II. Gemtypes from about 1860.
Left: Isabella Stewart Gardner; Right: John Lowell Gardner II. Gemtypes from about 1860.

TRAVELS

In 1863, the Gardners had a son, John Lowell Gardner III, called Jackie, who died of pneumonia at less than two years old. In 1867, on the advice of her doctor and hoping to rouse her from her depression, Jack Gardner took Isabella to northern Europe and Russia. This was the first of many trips abroad, later including Egypt and the Middle East (1874-75), and Asia (1883-84). Isabella reveled in travel, keeping elaborate journals of her visits.

Isabella Stewart Gardner, Italy, Travel Journal (Cover)
Isabella Stewart Gardner, Italy, Travel Journal (Cover)

BOSTON

Isabella was drawn to the intellectual life of Boston and Cambridge. In 1878, she attended the readings of Charles Eliot Norton, the first professor of art history at Harvard University; he invited her to join the Dante Society. With Norton’s encouragement, she began collecting rare books and manuscripts, beginning with early editions of Dante's works.

Dante Alighieri (Author) and Christoforo Landino (Editor), The Divine Comedy, 3 May 1487, Incunable: Ink on paper.
Dante Alighieri (Author) and Christoforo Landino (Editor), The Divine Comedy, 3 May 1487, Incunable: Ink on paper.

VENICE

In 1884, Isabella and Jack Gardner first visited the Palazzo Barbaro, a Venetian palace owned by Bostonians Daniel and Ariana Curtis. The palazzo became the gathering place of a group of American and English expatriates, including the painters John Singer Sargent, James McNeil Whistler, and Ralph Curtis, and the art connoisseur Bernard Berenson. Palazzo Barbaro became a major source of inspiration for Isabella in the creation of her museum in Boston.

Ralph Wormeley Curtis, Return from the Lido (Detail), 1884. Oil on Canvas.
Ralph Wormeley Curtis, Return from the Lido (Detail), 1884. Oil on Canvas.

BERENSON

Isabella met the charming and intelligent Harvard student Bernard Berenson in 1886. With funds from the Gardners and others, Berenson set off for Florence in 1887 to pursue a literary career, but soon discovered his true calling as a connoisseur of Italian Renaissance art. He became Isabella's chief art advisor, helping her acquire many of the masterpieces in her collection. Berenson wrote of Isabella, “She lives at a rate and intensity, with a reality that makes other lives seem pale, thin and shadowy.”

Bernard Berenson while he was a student at Harvard, 1887
Bernard Berenson while he was a student at Harvard, 1887

NOTABLE AQUISITIONS

NOTABLE AQUISITIONS

REMBRANDT'S SELF PORTRAIT, AGE 23

In 1896, advised by Bernard Berenson, Isabella acquired Rembrandt’s magnificent self-portrait.

TITIAN'S EUROPA

Also in 1896, again advised by Berenson, Mrs. Gardner bought Titian’s Rape of Europa for a world-record price of £20,000.

VERMEER'S THE CONCERT

One of Isabella's first acquisitions was Vermeer’s The Concert, purchased at a Paris auction in 1891 for $6,000.

MUSEUM

Jack Gardner died suddenly of a stroke on December 10, 1898. Six weeks later, Isabella Gardner continued with their shared plan to purchase a plot of land in the Fens, and selected local architect Willard T. Sears to draw up plans for a museum. At the time, there were almost no other buildings in the area.

Willard Sears, Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum planning sketch, watercolor on paper
Willard Sears, Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum planning sketch, watercolor on paper

INSTALLATION

Construction of Isabella’s museum began in 1899, and was completed in late 1901. She moved into the private fourth-floor living quarters and devoted herself to personally arranging works of art in the historic galleries on the first three floors. In 1901 and 1902, Isabella installed her collection of paintings, sculptures, tapestries, furniture, manuscripts, rare books, and decorative arts. She continued to acquire works and change the installations for the rest of her life.

T.E. Marr and Son, Raphael Room Gallery View, about 1926
T.E. Marr and Son, Raphael Room Gallery View, about 1926

OPENING

On January 1, 1903 guests were invited to a grand opening celebration of music, art, and horticulture. There was a concert by members of the Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO), and a dramatic unveiling of the interior courtyard garden. Guests included scholar Charles Eliot Norton, philosopher William James, and BSO founder Henry Higginson. When she opened the museum to the public the following month, visitors were invited to see one of the finest private art collections in America.

Courtyard
Photo by Siena Scarff

ARTS PATRON

Over the next 20 years, Isabella Stewart Gardner filled her museum with visual and performing artists; she organized concerts, lectures, and exhibitions, and encouraged artists to make themselves home in the museum. John Singer Sargent painted in the Gothic Room, Ruth St. Denis danced her famous piece, The Cobra in the Cloisters, and Australian opera star Nellie Melba performed from the balcony of the Dutch Room.

J. Templeman Coolidge, John Singer Sargent painting Gretchen Osgood Warren and her daughter Rachel in the Gothic Room, Fenway Court, 1903, Platinum print
J. Templeman Coolidge, John Singer Sargent painting Gretchen Osgood Warren and her daughter Rachel in the Gothic Room, Fenway Court, 1903, Platinum print

VISIONARY

Isabella Stewart Gardner suffered a stroke in 1919, but continued to receive guests in her museum for the next five years. She died in 1924, leaving a museum “for the education and enjoyment of the public forever.” She provided an endowment to operate the museum, stipulating in her will that nothing in the galleries should be changed, and no items be acquired or sold from the collection. This painting by John Singer Sargent in 1922, shows a frail but alert Isabella swathed in white.

John Singer Sargent, Mrs. Gardner in White, 1922, watercolor on paper
John Singer Sargent, Mrs. Gardner in White, 1922, watercolor on paper

Learn More

Learn More

Building Isabella's Museum

How Isabella Stewart Gardner created her ‘inside out” Venetian palazzo on the Fenway

Collection

Explore Isabella's Collection

Installing Titian's Europa

How Titian’s masterpiece, The Rape of Europa, was given pride of place in Isabella’s museum